Direction de thèse : Louafi Bouzouina et Florent Laroche
École doctorale : ED 486 Sciences Économique et de Gestion (Lyon)
Discipline : Sciences économiques
Financement : COFRA CRC AuRA
Title: Evaluating Regional Rail Performances in a Competitive Era: Efficiency, Quality, and User Experience
The opening of regional passenger rail services (TER) to competition is profoundly reshaping regional transport in France. While one of the promises of competition is to improve performance, the objective is above all to keep under control the costs of a heavily subsidised service. Yet, for a public service, performance cannot be reduced to cutting expenditure alone. It is also assessed through what the service actually delivers to users: reliable, frequent and accessible trains, and good travel conditions. However, the taxpayer’s concern (cost control) and the user’s concern (service quality) do not always coincide. This tension is the starting point of this thesis, which examines how TER performance should be evaluated in the context of market opening.
To address this, an original approach is implemented. Rather than relying on aggregated regional or national indicators, we work at the line level, consistent with the future organisation of services into lots and contracts. Our analyses draw on operational data used for steering and regulation and mobilise several statistical tools: frontier and benchmarking methods, econometrics, and machine learning. The aim is to assess performance along three complementary dimensions: costs and output, objective service quality, and satisfaction.
At the national level, the analysis of panel data for 147 TER lines reveals strong heterogeneity in performance, both within and across regions. Efficiency trajectories differ markedly from one line to another, particularly in certain regions and over time. These results confirm the value of working at a fine scale to stimulate performance dialogue between Transport Authorities and operators.
These performance gaps depend on numerous operational, territorial or contractual determinants. Among them, rolling stock appears to be a structuring factor: fleet age, diversity of rolling-stock series, and maintenance intensity weigh heavily on (in)efficiency. Performance therefore also reflects concrete management and investment choices, over a long-term horizon.
This thesis also introduces quality into the measurement of efficiency, in order to bring together, within a single indicator, the taxpayer’s budgetary logic and that of the service delivered, valued by users.
Concretely, the proposed evaluation goes beyond the approach that confronts output volume with its sole cost, and proposes instead to additionally incorporate their capacity to deliver a high-quality service.
This renews the reading of performance and makes it possible to identify contrasting line profiles in terms of cost efficiency and quality.
We conclude this research by focusing on the primary stakeholder in transport: the user. The analysis of a large-scale satisfaction survey confirms that service performance and travel conditions matter strongly for satisfaction. It also highlights, in an original way, that the possibility of carrying out activities on board is also a determinant.
This thesis thus proposes a line-level evaluation framework, comparable across territories, lots and contracts, which makes the trade-offs between cost and quality visible. By combining efficiency, objective quality and satisfaction, it provides a tool that is closer to service objectives and more useful for public steering: targeting lines, prioritising investments, and monitoring performance beyond the sole budgetary lens.